Types of design
It is not always necessary to start, as it were, from scratch. Original design does: it involves a
new idea or working principle (the ball-point pen, the compact disc). New materials can offer new, unique combinations of properties which enable original design. High-purity silicon enabled thetransistor; high-purity glass, the optical fibre; high coercive-force magnets, the miniature earphone. Sometimes the new material suggests the new product; sometimes instead the new product demands the development of a new material: nuclear technology drove the development of a series of newzirconium-based alloys; space technology stimulated the development of lightweight composites; turbine technology today drives development of high-temperature alloys and ceramics. Adaptive or development design takes an existing concept and seeks an incremental advance in performance through a refinement of the working principle. This, too, is often made possible by developments in materials: polymers replacing metals in household appliances; carbon fibre replacing wood in sports goods. The appliance and the sports-goods market are both large and
Variant design involves a change of scale or dimension or detailing without change of function or the method of achieving it: the scaling up of boilers, or of pressure vessels, or of turbines, for instance. Change of scale or range of conditions may require change of material: small boats are made of fibreglass, large ones are made of steel; small boilers are made of copper, large ones of steel; subsonic planes are made of one alloy, supersonic of another; and for good reasons, detailed in later chapters.
MATERIALS SELECTION IN MECHANICAL DESIGN
SECOND EDITION
MICHAEL F. ASHBY
Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, England
OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI
competitive. Markets here have frequently been won (and lost) by the way in which the manufacturer has exploited new materials.
Variant design involves a change of scale or dimension or detailing without change of function or the method of achieving it: the scaling up of boilers, or of pressure vessels, or of turbines, for instance. Change of scale or range of conditions may require change of material: small boats are made of fibreglass, large ones are made of steel; small boilers are made of copper, large ones of steel; subsonic planes are made of one alloy, supersonic of another; and for good reasons, detailed in later chapters.
MATERIALS SELECTION IN MECHANICAL DESIGN
SECOND EDITION
MICHAEL F. ASHBY
Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, England
OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI
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